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The Contested Status of Cosmetic and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery

Although plastic and reconstructive surgery can be traced back almost 3,000 years to Sushruta and his rhinoplastic surgeries in India, it is really only within the last 100 years that the field has become a formal specialty distinct from general surgery. There have been many developments in this time, from breast implants and Botox to plastic surgeon Joe Murray’s pioneering kidney transplants, hand and face transplants, Carl R. Hartrampf Jr.’s TRAM flap for breast reconstruction, and Rad Tanzer’s microtia reconstruction operations.

Despite its size (there are fewer than 7,000 active plastic and reconstructive surgeons in the U.S.), the field has gained widespread attention through…

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 The Contested Status of Cosmetic and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery

Although plastic and reconstructive surgery can be traced back almost 3,000 years to Sushruta and his rhinoplastic surgeries in India, it is really only within the last 100 years that the field has become a formal specialty distinct from general surgery. There have been many developments in this time, from breast implants and Botox to plastic surgeon Joe Murray’s pioneering kidney transplants, hand and face transplants,

Operation Smile

As an international charity for children, we measure ourselves by the joy we see on all of the faces we help. At Operation Smile, we're more than a charity. More than an NGO. We're a mobilized force of medical professionals and caring hearts who provide safe, effective reconstructive surgery and related medical care for children born with facial deformities such as cleft lip and cleft palate.

The Plastic Surgery Foundation

The Plastic Surgery Foundation (The PSF) supports the research and international activities of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) members.

Association of Facial Plastic Surgeons

The Association of Facial Plastic Surgeons is a multidisciplinary group of surgeons joined as a forum with a sole aim of training and support for surgeons. We also aim to inform and educate the public and to act as a catalyst to regulatory bodies.

International Association for Physicians in Aesthetic Medicine

The IAPAM was founded to unite licensed physicians who practice aesthetic medicine and their supporters. IAPAM membership is open to licensed medical doctors (MDs), doctors of osteopathic medicine (DOs) and the medical students studying for those degrees.

International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies

The International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies (IFFPSS) is a group of societies of facial plastic surgeons from various countries around the world. This Federation was formed in 1997 after extensive discussions initiated by the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.

International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand

This Federation was formed in 1966 for the purpose of coordinating the activities of the various Societies for Surgery of the Hand throughout the world and in this way to increase and spread knowledge of surgery of the hand.

International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

ISAPS is the largest international organization representing board certified plastic surgeons. Founded almost 40 years ago at the United Nations in New York, our mission is to provide up-to-date medical education for our member surgeons, to disseminate accurate and current information to the public and media, and to promote safe cosmetic surgery worldwide.

International Society of Craniofacial Surgery

The International Society of Craniofacial Surgery (ISCFS) was founded in June 1983 in Montreal as the Craniofacial Chapter of the International Confederation for Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery. The 18 founding members represented the leading plastic surgeons in the world with an interest in and focus on craniofacial surgery. Initially named the International Society of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, the organization renamed itself as the International Society of Craniofacial Surgery to more accurately reflect the work of the membership and to acknowledge the divergence of the fields.

International Society of Plastic and Aesthetic Nurses

Promoting the competency and education of the Plastic & Aesthetic Nurse.

National Breast Implant Registry

The Plastic Surgery Foundation has developed the National Breast Implant Registry (NBIR) in collaboration with the FDA, patients and breast implant manufacturers to strengthen the post-market surveillance infrastructure for current and future breast implant devices in the United States.

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

The mission of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) is to improve oral, dental and craniofacial health through research, research training, and the dissemination of health information.

PLASTA

PLASTA is the plastic surgery trainees’ organisation. We represent the interests of the future plastic surgeons of the UK and if you are a trainee in plastic surgery, we would like to represent you. Whether you have only just decided your future career or whether you are about to become an accredited plastic surgeon, PLASTA is here to help you, to represent you and to be your voice in the organisations involved in training plastic surgeons in the UK.

Plastic Surgery Administrative Association

The Plastic Surgery Administrative Association is an interactive organization of office administrators concerned with management issues directly relating to the practice of plastic surgery.

The Aesthetic Society

Beyond the nip & tuck lies a level of artistry a select few achieve. Aesthetic Society members are the most qualified board-certified aesthetic #plasticsurgeons,

World Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery

The object of the Society shall be to stimulate and advance knowledge of the science and art of Microsurgery and thereby improve and elevate the standards of practice in this field of surgical endeavor. The Society shall be the highest medium of recognition in the field of Microsurgery as evident by superior attainment and by contribution to its advancement. It shall provide an international forum for the exchange of ideas and the dissemination of innovative techniques.

American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery

We are the leading representative of cosmetic surgeons from a diverse group of original medical specialties. We exist because of and for our members, and we are pleased to provide services to enhance every aspect of a cosmetic surgeon's practice.

American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

The American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is the world's largest specialty association for facial plastic surgery. AAFPRS members are board certified surgeons whose focus is surgery of the face, head, and neck. AAFPRS members subscribe to a code of ethics.

American Board of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

Established in 1986, the ABFPRS is dedicated to improving the quality of facial plastic surgery available to the public by measuring the qualifications of candidate surgeons against certain rigorous standards.

American Board of Plastic Surgery

The mission of ABPS is to promote safe, ethical, efficacious plastic surgery to the public by maintaining high standards for the education, examination, certification and maintenance of certification of plastic surgeons as specialists and subspecialists.

American Society for Dermatologic Surgery

The American Society for Dermatologic Surgery (ASDS) is the largest specialty organization in the United States exclusively representing dermatologic surgeons who have unique training and experience to treat the health, function and beauty of skin throughout every stage of life.

American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery

The American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery (ASRM) was established in 1984 and has served "to promote, encourage, foster, and advance the art and science of microsurgery and complex reconstruction” and to establish a forum for teaching, research and free discussion of reconstructive microsurgical methods and principles.

American Society of Cosmetic Breast Surgery

The purpose of this society is to help all professionals provide the highest possible quality of care to women who wish to have cosmetic breast surgery. This is done through training, education, research and the interchange of ideas.

American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons

The American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons is the oldest American organization representing maxillofacial surgeons who are devoted to improving and promoting the highest levels of patient care. Maxillofacial and Craniofacial surgeons specialize in bone and soft tissue reconstruction and enhancement of the face.

American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

The purpose of ASOPRS is to advance education, research, and the quality of clinical practice in the fields of aesthetic, plastic and reconstructive surgery specializing in the face, orbits, eyelids, and lacrimal system.

American Society of Plastic Surgeons

Founded in 1931, ASPS is the world's premiere organization representing plastic surgery. With over 6,000 board-certified plastic surgeons that have at least five years of surgical training - with a minimum of two years specifically in plastic surgery.

American Society of Temporomandibular Joint Surgeons

American Society of Temporomandibular Joint Surgeons (ASTMJS) is a non profit organization of maxillofacial, orthopedic, plastic/reconstructive and oral surgical specialists dedicated to promoting education, research and patient services concerning orthopedic disease of the temporomandibular joint {TMJ).

Australasian Academy of Facial Plastic Surgery

The Australasian Academy of Facial Plastic Surgery (AAFPS), the only group of qualified specialist in Australasia focusing solely on facial cosmetic & reconstructive procedures. We aim to deliver a comprehensive and professional service: to ensure our clients make informed decisions about surgical procedures and receive a first-class service.

Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

As the authoritative source since 1977, the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) has been one of the world’s leading organisations in cosmetic surgery education and research. Our members are all Fellows of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS) specialising in cosmetic surgery of the face, breast and body.

Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons

Founded in 1970, the Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons Inc (ASPS) is the peak body for Specialist Plastic Surgeons (both reconstructive and cosmetic). Our main role is to protect the integrity of plastic surgery as a specialty. Our mission is to provide the highest quality plastic surgery care to all Australians.

British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons

The BAAPS is based at The Royal College of Surgeons and was established for the advancement of education and safety in Aesthetic Surgery. The objects for which the Association is established are advancement of education in, and the practice of, Aesthetic Plastic Surgery for public benefit, in particular: â—¦To promote an interchange of knowledge for the advancement of Aesthetic Plastic surgery among suitably qualified surgeons. â—¦To stimulate training in this aspect of Plastic Surgery among Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons and their trainees...

British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons

As the voice of plastic surgery in the UK, we aim to raise awareness of the breadth of plastic surgery, to promote innovation in teaching, learning and research and to increase overall understanding of the profession.

British Oculoplastic Surgery Society

BOPSS, the British Oculoplastic Surgery Society, was founded in 2000 with the aim of bringing together surgeons in the United Kingdom and Ireland who share a major interest in oculoplastic surgery (ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery, orbital and lacrimal surgery, and aesthetic (cosmetic) eyelid and facial surgery). Oculoplastic surgery is also known as oculo-facial surgery.

Canadian Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

The Canadian Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is an international non-profit medical society incorporated under the federal laws of Canada. Members of CAFPRS are specialists certified by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada or its equivalent and have met high standards of training and experience in cosmetic and plastic surgery of the face and neck.

Canadian Laser Aesthetic Surgery Society

CLASS is dedicated to excellence in cosmetic laser surgery. CLASS is active in the dissemination of information, education, preceptorship and promotion of quality in all forms of aesthetic laser surgery.

Canadian Society of Plastic Surgeons

Dedicated to providing education for and certifying Canadian plastic and reconstructive surgeons. Includes information on how to find a plastic surgeon, a list of cosmetic and reconstructive procedures, and the society's annual meeting.

European Academy of Facial Plastic Surgery

Europe´s largest society of rhinoplasty and facial plastic surgeons.

European Association of Plastic Surgeons

European Association of Plastic Surgeons mission is to promote the excellence of Plastic Surgery in Europe; to furnish an annual Forum for a selection of the best scientific works presented at National Societies; to stimulate research and investigation at the European level, as well as to coordinate various forms of teaching; to preserve the unity of Plastic Surgery by illustrating its different aspects.

European Board of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Welcome to the website of EBOPRAS, which is the working group of the UEMS Section of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery. It receives funding (currently five Euros per full member per year) from the various national plastic surgical associations which are affiliated to it through their membership of the UEMS Section.

European Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

ESOPRS was founded in 1982 as an European association for ophthalmologists and colleagues of allied medical fields. The purpose of ESOPRS is to promote research, further education and the quality of clinical practice in the fields of aesthetic and plastic reconstructive surgery in the face, orbits, eyelids, and the lacrimal system.

European Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

The European Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery is the European section of IPRAS (international confederation). Its aim is to increase connexions among the different European National Societies through Europeans meetings, National appointed meetings, European plastic surgery review and other tool such as this web site.

New Zealand Association of Plastic Surgeons

We are devoted to the maintenance of excellent ethical and professional standards within the field of cosmetic and reconstructive plastic surgery. Aside from one or two retired surgeons and some overseas members, NZAPS represents all of New Zealand's plastic surgeons.

PlastyPAC

PlastyPAC is a group of plastic surgeons who work together to raise money and make contributions to political campaigns. PlastyPAC only supports politicians who work to improve health care, patient care and the future of plastic surgery. Through this support, PlastyPAC helps elect individuals who promote policies that improve the lives of our physicians and our patients.

International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

The International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS) is the world’s leading professional body for board-certified aesthetic plastic surgeons. Founded in 1970, ISAPS membership includes the world’s best known and respected reconstructive and aesthetic plastic surgeons in over 100 countries on every continent reflecting the true international mission of the organization. The purpose of the IPRAS is to promote plastic surgery both scientifically and clinically, to further education and to encourage friendship between physicians in all countries.