Volcanic Eruptions

All civilization has from time to time become a thin crust over a volcano of revolution - Havelock Ellis

Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanic Eruptions

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This Is How A Volcano's Pyroclastic Flow Will Kill You

Volcanoes are notoriously deadly, but there’s no more frightening a way to meet your own personalized doom than via a pyroclastic flow. These fast-moving ferocious fires look more like summoned demons from a videogame than anything natural – but what exactly happens when one hits you?

Pyroclastic flows are the signature fireworks of the most explosive kinds of volcanic eruptions. These mixtures of ash, lava blebs and broiling gas exceed temperatures of 1,000°C (1,832°F) and move at speeds of up to 700 kilometers per hour (about 450 miles per hour).

They tend to rush down the slopes of stratovolcanoes, the mountainous types responsible for the most explosive eruptions. Sometimes,…

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Featured

 Get Ready for More Volcanic Eruptions as the Planet Warms

A new study shows that even relatively small-scale climatic changes affect volcanic activity.

 Volcanoes are awe-inspiring. Here are 7 things to know about them

A single eruption can alter the whole planet...The cooling effects of a volcano, if there are any, only linger for one to three years, so we can’t count on erupting our way to a cooler planet as the climate changes. But scientists are studying volcanoes in case humanity does need to deliberately cool the planet in the face of catastrophic climate change, an emerging field known as geoengineering.

 Volcanoes, Climate Change, and Society: History and Future Prospects

The biggest concern of our present time is anthropogenic climate change and global warming. Interestingly, global warming is actually increasing the chances of volcanism in the cold parts on Earth. In many cold places, such as Iceland, there still are large ice shields, reminders of the last Ice Age, which are melting away in a warming world.

Articles of Interest

Volcanoes, explained

Learn more about the fiery, powerful vents on Earth's surface.

A Surprise From the Supervolcano Under Yellowstone

Beneath Yellowstone National Park lies a supervolcano, a behemoth far more powerful than your average volcano. It has the ability to expel more than 1,000 cubic kilometers of rock and ash at once — 2,500 times more material than erupted from Mount St. Helens in 1980, which killed 57 people. That could blanket most of the United States in a thick layer of ash and even plunge the Earth into a volcanic winter.

A Volcanic Eruption Can Lead to an Eruption of Learning

There is only one way to prepare people who live near an active volcano for a life-threatening eruption — evacuation. But when? How accurately can we predict when it will blow?

Despite how it looks, Hawaii’s volcanic eruption is small potatoes

The images are spectacular, but Kilauea won’t kill anyone, or become a notable eruption.

Health Hazards of Volcanic Ash: What to Know

Volcanoes exist throughout much of the world, and some are near major metropolitan centers. Occasionally, meteorological patterns carry ash or gases from active volcanoes to populated areas, creating health concerns. Frequently, though, the dangers of falling ash are greater than the threat posed by lava emissions.

How Earthquakes and Volcanoes Reveal the Beating Heart of the Planet

The Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program has stitched together a visual archive of the world’s earthquakes and volcanoes.

Imagine A World Where Volcanic Eruptions Were Denied Like Climate Change

As you’ve probably noticed, predicting when volcanoes will next erupt isn’t exactly a piece of cake, especially as each volcano is different, idiosyncratic and doesn’t obey the same pattern of behavior as it has in the past, or displayed by any of its other fiery fountain comrades nearby or around the world.

Laze: The New Danger In Hawaii From Lava Reaching The Pacific

If it’s not enough to flee your home from an advancing lava flow with it’s deadly sulfur dioxide gas and sulfuric acid droplets, coexistent with explosions and ash plumes, residents near Kilauea have yet another ominous danger now to contend with. It’s known as “laze”- lava morphing into a haze--the result when boiling lava mixes with the cool ocean, producing hydrochloric acid and steam, shooting particles of volcanic glass into the air.

Major Volcanic Eruptions in Recent History

Though the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano caused major air travel problems across Europe, when compared with other volcanic activity around the world, it was a fairly small incident. Scientists use the Volcanic Explosivity Index, or VEI, to estimate the magnitude of explosive volcanic eruptions.

Should we try to fix global warming with fake volcanic eruptions? TBD

With heat-trapping carbon emissions on the rise again, researchers are looking for ways to turn down the thermostat while humanity gets itself under control. One potential solution? Try to copy volcanic eruptions. But in addition to adjusting the temperature, such practices could change the frequency of hurricanes, or the location of droughts.

The 'Anticipatory Anxiety' of Waiting for Disaster

Ecuadorians living in the shadow of the volcano Cotopaxi experience a unique kind of trauma while biding their time before it blows.

The Dark Ages Were Caused By Two Enormous Volcanic Eruptions

The team of climate scientists responsible for the new study suggests that not one but two separate volcanic eruptions were responsible for the cooling event.

The Next Big Volcano Could Briefly Cool Earth. NASA Wants to Be Ready

Powerful volcanic eruptions like Pinatubo’s in 1991 are one of the biggest natural influences on climate. So NASA researchers and other scientists are planning a rapid-response program to study the next big one. But the climate impact of a Pinatubo-size eruption is also a natural analog of an idea that has existed on the fringes of science for years: geoengineering, or intervening in the atmosphere to deliberately cool the planet.

The Yellowstone Supervolcano Goes Viral

It’s easy to laugh. Doomsday predictions like this have been around for millennia. But their purveyors have never had social media before, and this time their prediction—at least of something significant, if not of a supervolcano eruption—almost came true. At dawn on March 30th, Yellowstone had a 4.8-magnitude earthquake, its biggest in thirty-four years.

These Hidden Volcanoes Erupt With the Force of Nuclear Weapons

Maar volcanoes are strange: they are often invisible for much of their life, before suddenly appearing in enormous explosions. They give no warning of their impending destruction. When they do erupt in a cataclysm of fire and noise, they do not rise above the ground, but instead leave a hole similar to large meteorite impact craters.

Two Looming Volcanic Eruptions Could Slow Climate Change, But They Aren't Going to Stop It

Scientists have known about volcanoes’ impact on the climate for a long time, but new research published this week shows how fleeting the chill of future eruptions could be.

Volcanic Eruption of Denial

Volcanoes emit about 250 million tons of CO2 on average per year. Humans emit 40 billion. Billion, with a b, more than 100 times as much as volcanoes. Even a huge, catastrophic volcanic eruption emits far less CO2 than humans do in a year.

Volcanoes are awe-inspiring. Here are 7 things to know about them

Kilauea’s eruption reminds us that volcanoes are beautiful, dangerous, and closer than we may realize.

Volcanoes Helped Violent Revolts Erupt in Ancient Egypt

Today, humanity lives during a relatively quiet volcanic period. The largest eruption to affect the climate in recent memory was the 1991 Pinatubo event in the Philippines. But things were much different during the Ptolemaic era.

We’ve Heated Up the Planet. Can We Cool It Back Down?

Strangely enough, massive volcanoes might be part of the answer.

What causes a volcano to erupt and how do scientists predict eruptions?

Although there are several factors triggering a volcanic eruption, three predominate: the buoyancy of the magma, the pressure from the exsolved gases in the magma and the injection of a new batch of magma into an already filled magma chamber.

What would happen if the Yellowstone supervolcano actually erupted?

If the supervolcano underneath Yellowstone National Park ever had another massive eruption, it could spew ash for thousands of miles across the United States, damaging buildings, smothering crops, and shutting down power plants. It'd be a huge disaster.

Why Hawaii's Newest Eruption Makes Volcanologists Nervous

“There’s not a lot of words to capture a gradual, slow-developing disaster like this.”

Why Kilauea’s Volcanic Ash Is a Serious Health Hazard

When volcanoes ooze lava, people know to get the hell out of the way. They know the fiery red stuff threatens their homes and lives. But what about when eruptions produce lots of ash and gas? That stuff can be deadly, too.

World's Deadliest Volcanoes Are Identified

Indonesia is most at risk from eruptions, compared with other nations.

Yellowstone Supervolcano Could Erupt Sooner Than We Thought. Here’s What You Need to Know

Sometimes knowing more about the world around us makes us feel more in control of our lives and survival. And sometimes knowing more only underscores how small and helpless we are compared to the forces of nature on the angry rock where we reside. Here are some more facts about supervolcanoes that may or may not make you feel any better.

Resources

11 Biggest Volcanic Eruptions in History

History has seen some monstrous eruptions of volcanoes, from Mount Pinatubo's weather-cooling burp to the explosion of Mt. Tambora, one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago. The power of such eruptions is measured using the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) a classification system developed in the 1980 that's somewhat akin to the magnitude scale for earthquakes.

Global Volcanism Program

The mission of GVP is to document, understand, and disseminate information about global volcanic activity.

EPA

Volcanic ash can travel hundreds to thousands of miles downwind from a volcano. Fresh volcanic ash is gritty, abrasive, sometimes corrosive, and always unpleasant. Although ash is not highly toxic, it can trouble infants, the elderly, and those with respiratory ailments.

ScienceDaily

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